Fig. 3

WT microbiota shaped by Card9 gene deletion exhibits altered composition and AhR activity. A Alpha-diversity analysis (left panel: observed ASVs, right panel: Shannon index) of the WT inoculum and the fecal microbiota of WT ➔ GF WT and WT ➔ GF Card9^−/− mice at day 7 and 21. B Beta-diversity analysis (PCoA) using Jaccard index (binary) and PERMANOVA. C Pairwise distance (Bray–Curtis divergence) of the fecal microbiota of WT ➔ GF WT and WT ➔ GF Card9^−/− mice at day 7 versus 21. D AhR activity (shown as “fold change”) measured in feces of WT ➔ GF WT and WT ➔ GF Card9^−/.⁻ mice at days 6 and 21 after colonization. Data are mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01, as determined by Wilcoxon test of pairwise (C) and unpaired t-test (D)