Fig. 1

Development of a murine model of intergenerational undernutrition. A Schematic of experimental design (created with Biorender.com). Both HD and SD pups in the PW model are maintained on the M8 diet from 4–8 weeks of age. HD and SD pups in the IG model are likewise weaned onto the M8 diet at 3 weeks of age. B Absolute weight of animals at the time of euthanasia. C Tail length. D Femur length. E Measurement of IGF-1 in liver tissue of IG and PW mice. (F) Representative histological images of H&E stained ileal tissue from IG mice. G Quantification of villus length and muscularis thickness in IG and PW mice. Data shown pooled between healthy donor colonized mice (3176 and 4142) and stunted donor colonized mice (4092 and 3114) at 8 weeks of age. Each point represents an individual animal. B-D * p ≤ 0.05, **** p ≤ 0.0001 by Two-Way ANOVA with Šídák’s multiple comparisons test. B-C n = 24/group [12 per donor] for IG groups, n = 18-20/group [8-10 per donor] for PW groups. D n = 12/group [6 per donor] for all groups in all conditions (E) n = 16/group [8 per donor] for all groups. F-G n = 18-22/group [7-12 per donor] for IG groups, n = 18-20/group [8-10 per donor] for PW groups. E-G * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01 by Mann-Whitney U test