Table 2 Sample characteristics

Age (years), mean (SD, range)

32.5 (4.0, 20.3–40.7)

31.7 (4.1, 22.4–44.4)

33.1 (4.1, 24.3–42.8)

32.5 (4.0, 25.5–40.5)

Education, N (%)

 Completed high school diploma

6 (7.4%)

4 (5.7%)

3 (5.7%)

1 (2.3%)

 Completed trade, technical diploma

13 (16.0%)

11 (15.7%)

12 (22.6%)

10 (22.7%)

 Completed university degree

40 (49.4%)

45 (64.3%)

28 (52.8%)

24 (54.5%)

 Completed post-graduate degree

22 (27.2%)

10 (14.3%)

10 (18.9%)

9 (20.5%)

Annual household income, N (%)^b

 < $20,000

3 (3.7%)

0

1 (1.9%)

1 (2.3%)

 $20, 000–$39,999

2 (2.5%)

4 (5.7%)

1 (1.9%)

1 (2.3%)

 $40,000–$69,999

7 (8.6%)

5 (7.1%)

9 (17.0%)

6 (14.0%)

 $70,000–$99,999

18 (22.2%)

20 (28.6%)

12 (22.6%)

7 (16.3%)

 > $100,000

51 (63%)

41 (58.6%)

30 (56.6%)

28 (65.1%)

Ethnicity, N (%)

 White

78 (96.3%)

66 (94.3%)

40 (75.5%)

30 (68.2%)

 Chinese

0

0

4 (7.5%)

6 (13.6%)

 South-East Asian

0

2 (2.9%)

4 (7.5%)

1 (2.3%)

 Latin America

0

1 (1.4%)

3 (5.7%)

2 (4.5%)

 Other

3 (3.7%)

1 (1.4%)

2 (3.8%)

5 (11.3%)

Child characteristics

 Age (years), mean (SD, range)

4.35 (0.51, 3.06–4.95)

4.33 (0.45, 3.23–4.91)

4.47 (0.47, 3.05–5.00)

4.38 (0.47, 3.39–5.00)

 Male, N (%)

45 (55.6%)

37 (52.9%)

25 (47.2%)

23 (52.3%)

 Mode of delivery–vaginal, N (%)^b

58 (71.6%)

52 (74.3%)

42 (79.2%)

35 (79.5%)

 Gestational age (weeks), mean (SD, range)^b

39.6 (1.8, 33.7–41.9)

39.0 (1.5, 35.0–42.0)

39.3 (1.3, 35.6–41.4)

38.3 (2.5, 29.4–41.3)

 Birth weight (gram), mean (SD, range)^b

3451 (594, 2468–5210)

3334 (520, 2215–4649)

3383 (550, 2260–4904)

3052 (632, 1200–4185)

 Antibiotic exposure–yes, N (%)^c

36 (44.4%)

28 (40.0%)

18 (34.0%)

16 (36.4%)

BASC-2, mean (SD, range)^b

 Adaptive Skills (T score)

50.9 (8.4, 24–68)

53.2 (8.0, 32–67)

48.3 (7.8, 34–67)

49.7 (8.6, 30–68)

 Internalizing (T score)

47.5 (8.5, 33–66)

48.2 (7.5, 30–66)

48.7 (8.4, 32–67)

48.4 (7.6, 3166)

 Externalizing (T score)

49.9 (7.9, 38–74)

47.8 (8.5, 37–70)

49.4 (7.8, 36–66)

50.4 (7.7, 36–66)

 Behavioral symptoms (T score)

49.4 (8.3, 35–73)

48.2 (6.9, 36–65)

50.9 (6.9, 35–66)

50.5 (8.3, 37–67)

Diet, mean (SD, range)^d

 Diet quality score

3.70 (0.58, 1.95–4.93)

3.72 (0.75, 1.96–5.74)

3.66 (0.73, 2.29–5.71)

3.67 (0.68, 2.15–4.92)

 Total energy intake (calories)

1540 (382, 614–2765)

1563 (397, 941–2736)

1644 (673, 924–4919)

1828 (1168, 761–5131)

 Vegetable and fruit (gram)

491 (196, 164–1032)

498 (214, 164–1304)

480 (291, 174–1793)

507 (328, 93–1793)

 Grain product (gram)

142 (64, 12.7–356)

135 (52, 48–356)

149 (108, 44–660)

185 (115, 56–522)

 Meat and alternatives (gram)

108 (44, 20–249)

117 (46, 39–251)

123 (66, 13–370)

106 (76, 11–425)