Fig. 5

Cluster-dependent associations between Social Skills and stool histidine to urocanate turnover. A–C Relative levels of stool histidine and urocanate were quantified, after which the turnover rate was calculated by dividing urocanate by histidine levels (depicted as Log10 ratio in C). D Social Skill scores, Developmental Social Disorder scores, and identified metabolites were subsequently correlated with each other using data from all participants, E only those part of cluster Bif, F or only those part of cluster Ba2. For A–C statistical differences were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by Mann-Whitney tests. Data are depicted as violin plots where the middle line is the median and the dotted lines are quartiles. For the statistical significance of A–C *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, * indicates a statistical difference compared to the sub cluster, # compared to the Ba1 cluster, $ compared to the Bif cluster. For D–F statistical significance was depicted as *p < 0.05. Total n = 248, cluster sub is n = 81, Ba1 is n = 70, Bif is n = 53, Ba2 is n = 44