Fig. 4

Cluster-dependent associations between Daily Living scores and stool galactose metabolism. A Relative Bacteroides abundances were compared between the clusters. B, C MetaboAnalyst was used to identify differentially abundant metabolic pathways in cluster Ba2, where galactose metabolism was observed as the most significant pathway. D–G The individual metabolites of this pathway were then compared between the clusters, which were stachyose, raffinose, alpha-D-glucose, and D-glucose-1-phosphate. H Daily Living scores, relative Bacteroides abundances, and identified metabolites were subsequently correlated with each other using data from all participants, I only those part of cluster Bif, K or only those part of cluster Ba2. For A and D–J statistical differences were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by Mann-Whitney tests. Data are depicted as violin plots where the middle line is the median and the dotted lines are quartiles. For the statistical significance of A–H *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, * indicates a statistical difference compared to the sub cluster, # compared to the Ba1 cluster, $ compared to the Bif cluster. For I–K statistical significance was depicted as *p < 0.05. Total n = 248, cluster sub is n = 81, Ba1 is n = 70, Bif is n = 53, Ba2 is n = 44