Fig. 3From: Gut microbiota modulation enhances the immune capacity of lizards under climate warmingFecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) alters immune capacity and concentrations of SCFAs in lizards. FP represents FMT of the present climate. FW represents FMT of the warming climate. C indicates “Control”, CB indicates “Colonized by B. fragilis”. The significance of between-treatment comparisons was evaluated by a two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum test. The significance of NMDS analysis was evaluated by PERMANOVA with 1000 permutations. NS non-significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. a Design of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments. b The alpha diversity index (observed features) of FMT lizards. c NMDS plot based on unweighted UniFrac distances of FMT lizards. d Biomarkers of discriminative bacteria identified by LEfSe analysis (LDA score ≥ 3.2) in the FMT lizards. e Tissue sections of the ileal mucosa in the FMT lizards. f, g The ileal villus height and mucosal thickness of FMT lizards. h, i Antibacterial activity of serum against Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila in FMT lizards. j–n The expression of MYD88, TNFα, IL-1β, TRIF, and IFNβ in the intestine of FMT lizards. o, p The concentrations of six short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in lizard fecal. q The expression of IFN-β in jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon after the colonization of B. fragilis in lizard gutBack to article page