Fig. 5

Multi-kingdom dynamics, maternal and infant nutrition, delivery mode, and antibiotic exposure are associated with atypical bacterial and fungal alpha diversity trends. A Predictors of bacterial alpha diversity trend identified by random forest using 10-fold cross-validation, 500 trees, and 1,000 permutations (increase: n = 63, decrease: n = 22). The increasing alpha diversity trend was set as the reference level. B Multivariable logistic regression identifying associations between early life, infant, and maternal factors and a decreasing (atypical) bacterial alpha diversity trend (increase: n = 70, decrease: n = 23). The increasing alpha diversity trend was set as the reference level. C Predictors of fungal alpha diversity trend identified by random forest using 10-fold cross-validation, 500 trees, and 1,000 permutations (decrease: n = 68, increase: n = 17). The decreasing alpha diversity trend was set as the reference level. D Multivariable logistic regression identifying associations between early life, infant, and maternal factors and an increasing (atypical) fungal alpha diversity trend (decrease: n = 71, increase: n = 17). The decreasing alpha diversity trend was set as the reference level. AS, artificially sweetened; GI, Gini index; AG and GG FUT2 secretor genotypes are secretors, reference level AA genotype are non-secretors; ~ p < 0.1; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01