Fig. 2

Loperamide affects conventional zebrafish microbiota as measured by 16S rRNA gene amplicons. A NMDS plot calculated using Bray–Curtis beta-diversity (k = 2) of percent normalized ASVs from 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Ellipse lines show the 95% confidence interval (standard deviation). Stress = 0.136; adonis2 PERMANOVA R² = 0.104; p = 0.029*. Only DMSO and loperamide-treated samples are shown. B Significant differentially abundant genera in loperamide-treated fish, compared to DMSO controls at each timepoint calculated using Limma (one against one) with conditions: relative log expression (RLE) normalized, effect log fold change > 2, Benjamini and Hochberg adjusted p-value < 0.05 (n = 5 per condition). Genera that occur at mean percent abundance > 1% are outlined in black and bold. C Beta-dispersion or within-condition dissimilarity index calculated using Bray–Curtis beta-diversity (n = 20). ****p < 0.001 for loperamide treatment, compared to DMSO. Wilcoxon test