Fig. 2

Significant changes in microbiome after chemoradiotherapy. A NMDS ordination plot showing community structure differences (β-diversity), diversity (B), and richness (C) of chemoradiotherapy-treated SCC patients at 0 and 6 months. D Relative abundance of bacteria at the phylum level. E Bacterial families that are > 0.1% in abundance and significantly different (adjusted p < 0.05) before and after chemoradiotherapy. F Differentially abundant OTUs at 0 and 6 months post-chemoradiotherapy based on ALDEx2 data analysis (adjusted p < 0.05). G Relative abundance of significantly different OTUs identified by ALDEx2 and LEfSe analysis. H PICRUSt-predicted KEGG pathways that are most differentially abundant between pre- and post-chemoradiotherapy samples based on LEfSe analysis (LDA cutoff of 2.5) *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001