Fig. 4

A general overview of changes in taxonomic composition and species abundance for bacterial and archaeal communities affected by increased plant species richness. a the relative of phylum-level taxa dominated across tree species richness and shrub species richness levels; b bipartite networks illustrating the specific and conserved amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) assigned to monoculture, two-species mixtures, and four-species mixtures and their combinations, respectively for soil bacterial and archaeal community; c volcano plots showing up- and down-regulated ASVs in three comparisons: tree richness of 1 and 2, tree richness 1and 4, tree richness of 2 and 4. An adjusted p value < 0.01 is indicated in red, while an adjusted p value < 0.01 is indicated in black. The top ten ASVs with the most significant differences in abundance were indicated by their ID numbers and the numbers of ASVs with significantly differences in abundance for the three comparisons are indicated in bracket