Fig. 6

Postnatal IPA supplementation reverses the ASD susceptibility in PCE-induced IUGR rats. A Schematic of the oral IPA supplementation experiment. B IPA levels in different samples. C An illustrative example of travel pathways of rats in social choice test, open field test, and Y maze test. D Time of rats spent in each zone in social choice test. E Time spent in the center, distance traveled in the center, and total distance traveled in open field test. F Marble burying index in marble burying test. G Spontaneous alteration rate in Y maze test. H Correlations between the time spent in target zone or marble burying index and the IPA level in hippocampal tissue. I Protein levels of AHR and P-NF-κB. J mRNA level of Ahr. K Images under fluorescence microscopy showing different regions in hippocampus. Iba1 staining (green) and nuclear staining (DIPA, blue). Scale bar = 50 μm. F–H Number of Iba1⁺ cells, number of endpoints per microglia, and process length. L Total spine density in hippocampal neurons. M Mushroom spine density in hippocampal neurons. N Representative images of the dendritic segments. Scale bar =10 μm. Dots in panels represent individual samples. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, and ^***P < 0.001