Fig. 5

Phylogenetic analysis of Legionella ASVs. Phylogenetic tree was constructed alongside reference bacteria with corresponding NCBI accession numbers (Supplementary Data 4). Predominant ASVs (filtered for minimum 2500 reads (0.5%), in 2 samples) are presented for biofilm samples, from Tabgha, Fuliya, and Tiberias Hot Springs (THS) spring clusters. The evolutionary history of the tree was inferred using the Maximum-Likelihood method and Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano (HKY) model. Coxiella burnetii was included as an outgroup. The tree with the highest log likelihood is presented (− 3746.05). A discrete Gamma distribution was used to model evolutionary rate differences among sites (5 categories (+ G, parameter = 0.1868)). The rate variation model allowed for some sites to be evolutionarily invariable ([+ I], 34.30% sites). The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. Branches with bootstrap values above 50% are demoted by a black dot. The analysis involved 75 nucleotide sequences. There were a total of 379 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA11