Fig. 4

Smoothing Spline ANOVA (SSANOVA) showing progression of differential abundance of specific oral microbial taxa during the course of infection. The y-axis represents the difference in normalized abundances of these taxa between monkeys that developed COPD and those that did not. All monkeys were used in this analysis. Values above zero indicate an enrichment of the specific taxon in monkeys that develop COPD. Dashed lines are the confidence intervals. The shaded area indicates time when the differences in abundance of each taxon are significant as compared to baseline abundance (of the control group). The x-axis represents time in weeks pre-SHIV and post-SHIV infection. We highlight with vertical lines weeks 16 and 17 when there was a decrease in pulmonary function in monkeys that developed COPD. a Taxa positively associated with COPD. b Taxa negatively associated with the disease